مطالعات فقه و حقوق اسلامی

مطالعات فقه و حقوق اسلامی

ارزیابی انتقادی لزوم ابدی انگاری قوانین شریعت در زمینه حقوق شهروندی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد دامغان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دامغان، ایران.
2 استادیار گروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد دامغان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دامغان، ایران (نویسنده مسئول)
3 استادیار گروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد دامغان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دامغان، ایران.
10.22075/feqh.2024.32852.3809
چکیده
بسیاری از فقها به یک قاعده کلّی باور دارند و آن این که قوانینی باید در جامعه اجرا شود که عیناً مطابق قوانینی باشد که درکتب فقهی آمده یا تحت یکی از آن عناوین بگنجد تا مشروعیّت داشته باشد. حقوق شهروندی نیز که مجموعه ای از تکالیف را متوجّه اشخاص حقیقی و نهادهای مختلف حقوقی می کند، از این قاعده کلّی مستثنا نیست. از اینرو پرسش این است که آیا شریعت درباره یک یک حقوق شهروندی، دستورات خاصّ یا عامّی دارد که مشروعیّت تقنین در حوزه حقوق، درگروی انطباق حقوق شهروندی با آن دستورات خاصّ و عامّ باشد؟ آیا روش استنباطی جایگزینی می توان یافت که با عدول از روش و سبک اجتهادی رایج، راه را برای دخالت فهم بشری متأثّر از اقتضائات زمانی و مکانی فراهم تر کند؟ این پژوهش به بررسی مبانی فقهی دراین زمینه و برونداد هرکدام از این مبانی درحوزه تقنین حقوق شهروندی پرداخته است. بر پایه یافته های این تحقیق که به روش توصیفی - تحلیلی به نگارش درآمده است مشروعیّت قانونگذاری در حوزه حقوق شهروندی درگرو انطباق آنها با دو معیار و شاخص است؛ یکی آن که متناسب با شرائط و اقتضائات موجود باشند و دیگری آن که با مقاصد و کلیّات شرعی در تعارض نباشندکه در این صورت، در همان زمان و برای همان جامعه، مشروع خواهد بود؛ بنابراین همسانی حقوق شهروندی در تمام اعصار و امصار لازم نیست.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

The necessity of eternalizing Sharia laws in the field of citizenship rights

نویسندگان English

Hasan Baharinia 1
Davood DadashNejad Delshad 2
Mahdi Zolfaghari 3
1 PhD student in Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran (Corresponding Author)
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran.
چکیده English

Many jurists believe in a general rule, and that is that laws must be implemented in the society that are "exactly" in accordance with the laws that are mentioned in jurisprudence books or fall under one of the titles in order to have legitimacy. Citizenship rights, which are a set of tasks for the attention of natural persons and different legal institutions, are not exempt from this general rule. Therefore, the question is, does the Shari'ah have general or special instructions about each citizen's rights, that the legitimacy of legislation in the field of law depends on the compliance of citizenship rights with those special and general instructions? Did it pave the way for the intervention of human understanding affected by temporal and spatial requirements?This research has investigated the jurisprudential foundations in this field and the procedures of each of these foundations in the field of citizenship rights legislation. Based on the findings of this research - which has been written in a descriptive and analytical method - the legitimacy of legislation in the field of citizenship rights in the group of their conformity is determined by the criteria, one is that they are appropriate to the existing conditions and requirements, and the other is that they are not in conflict with the goals and principles of Sharia, in this case, it will be legitimate at the same time and for the same society. Therefore, the equality of citizenship rights It is not necessary in all ages.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Islamic law
eternalism of legal laws
foundations of Islamic law
supplementary jurisprudence
dynamic jurisprudence

- Araki, Muhammad Ali. (1994). Kitab al-Bay‘ [The Book of Sale], Vol. 2. Qom: Mo’asseseh Dar Rah-e Haqq.

- Ansari, Murtada ibn Muhammad Amin. (1999). Al-Makasib [The Acquisitions], Vol. 3. Qom: Majma‘ al-Fikr al-Islami.

- Ansari, Murtada ibn Muhammad Amin. (2007). Fara’id al-Usul [Principles of Jurisprudence], Vol. 3. Qom: n.p.

- Baheshti, Ahmad. (2001). “Imam Ali and the Right and Obligation.” Ketab-e Naqd, 18, 118–149.

- Behjat, Muhammad-Taqi. (2007). Istifta’at [Religious Legal Questions]. Qom: Office of Ayatollah Behjat.

- Haydari, Kamal. (2007). Al-Durus: Sharh al-Halaqah al-Thaniyah [Lessons: Commentary on the Second Ring]. Qom: n.p.

- Hilli, Ja‘far ibn al-Hasan (al-Muhaqqiq). (1987). Shara’i‘ al-Islam fi Masa’il al-Halal wa al-Haram [The Laws of Islam Concerning the Questions of the Permissible and the Forbidden], 2nd ed. Qom: Isma‘iliyan.

- Hilli, Ja‘far ibn al-Hasan (al-Muhaqqiq). (1997). Al-Mukhtasar al-Nafi‘ fi Fiqh al-Imamiyyah [The Beneficial Concise Manual of Imami Jurisprudence], 6th ed. Qom: Mo’asseseh al-Matbu‘at al-Diniyyah.

- Imam Khomeini, Ruhollah. (1999). Al-Rasa’il al-‘Asharah [The Ten Treatises]. Qom: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Works.

- Khomeini, Ruhollah. (n.d.). Kitab al-Bay‘ [The Book of Sale]. Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Works.

- Khoei, Abu al-Qasim. (1993). Sirat al-Najat [The Path to Salvation]. Qom: Maktab al-Muntakhab Nashr al-Muntakhab.

- Kulaini, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub. (1986). Al-Kafi, Vol. 1. Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah.

- Madanī Tabrizi, Yusuf. (1982). Durar al-Fawa’id fi Sharh al-Fawa’id [Pearls of Benefits: A Commentary on al-Fawa’id], 3rd ed. Qom: Maktabat Basirati.

- Moqtadi, Ali ibn Husam al-Din. (n.d.). Kanz al-‘Ummal [The Treasure of the Workers], Vol. 15. Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.

- Momen Qomi, Muhammad. (1998). Tasdīd al-Usul [Strengthening the Principles of Jurisprudence]. Qom: n.p.

- Mousa ibn Ja‘far Tabrizi. (2009). Fara’id al-Usul [Principles of Jurisprudence], Vol. 5. Qom: n.p.

- Mousa Najafi Khansari. (1997). Muniyat al-Talib [The Seeker’s Aspiration], Vol. 1. Transcribed from the lectures of Muhammad-Husayn Gharavi Na’ini. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.

- Mousa Najafi. (n.d.). Kashif al-Ghita: Muniyat al-Raghib fi Sharh Bulghat al-Talib [Kashif al-Ghita: The Seeker’s Aspiration in Commentary on Bulghat al-Talib]. Najaf al-Ashraf: Kashif al-Ghita Institute.

- Mousa ibn Ja‘far Tabrizi. (2009). Fara’id al-Usul [Principles of Jurisprudence], Vol. 5. Qom: n.p.

- Naeini, Mirza Muhammad-Husayn Gharavi. (2003). Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah [Awakening the Community and Purifying the Nation]. Qom: Office of Islamic Propagation of the Islamic Seminary.

- Najafi, Ali ibn Muhammad-Reza. (n.d.). Kashif al-Ghita. Najaf al-Ashraf: Kashif al-Ghita Institute.

- Najafi, Bashir-Husayn. (2006). Mustafa al-Din al-Qayyim. Najaf al-Ashraf: Office of Ayatollah Najafi.

- Noorian, Mahdi, & Momeni, Abedin. (2023). “The Position of Right and Obligation in Information Dissemination: Correspondence between the Instances of Iranian Positive Law and the Concepts of Qur’anic Legal Verses.” Islamic Jurisprudence and Law Studies, 30, 263–288.

- Qur’an. The Holy Qur’an.

- Sadr, Muhammad-Baqir. (1987). Mabahith al-Usul [Studies in the Principles of Jurisprudence]. Qom: n.p.

- Sadr, Muhammad-Baqir. (2000). Durus fi ‘Ilm al-Usul [Lessons in the Science of Jurisprudence], Vol. 4. With commentary and annotations by Al Faqih al-‘Amili. Beirut: n.p.

- Saneyi, Yusuf. (2012). Majma‘ al-Masa’il: Istifta’at [Collection of Legal Questions: Religious Legal Rulings], Vol. 3. Qom: Maytham Tammar.

- Shirazi, Naser Makarem. (1997). “Advanced Jurisprudence: The Discussion of Blood Money.” Feyzieh Newspaper, 18, 1–2.

- Shirazi, Naser Makarem. (2004). Anwar al-Fiqahah [The Lights of Jurisprudence]: Kitab al-Nikah [The Book of Marriage]. Qom: Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib School.

- Shirazi, Naser Makarem. (2008). Anwar al-Usul [The Lights of the Principles of Jurisprudence], 2nd ed. Qom: n.p.

- Shirazi, Naser Makarem. (2008). Risalah-ye Tawzih al-Masa’il [Practical Manual of Islamic Laws], 52nd ed. Qom: Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib School.

- Shirazi, Naser Makarem. (n.d.). Barresi-ye Turuq-e Farār az Riba [An Examination of Ways of Escaping Usury]. Qom: n.p.

- Shushtari? / Murtada ibn ‘Ali al-Hilli. (1994). Al-Intisar [The Victory]. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.

- Subhani Tabrizi, Ja‘far. (2002). Dirasat Mujazah fi al-Khiyarat wa al-Shurut [Concise Studies on Options and Conditions]. Qom: Scientific Center for Islamic Studies.

- Tebrizi, Mirza Jawad ibn Ali. (n.d.). Istifta’at Jadidah [New Religious Legal Questions]. Qom: n.p.

- Turiqi? / Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Hurr al-‘Amili. (n.d.). Tafsil Wasa’il al-Shi‘ah ila Tahsil Masa’il al-Shari‘ah [Detailed Wasa’il al-Shi‘ah for Obtaining the Issues of Islamic Law], Vol. 19. Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.

- Ali ibn Husayn al-Sharif al-Murtada (Alam al-Huda). (1994). Al-Intisar [The Victory]. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.

- Fayyad al-Kabuli, Muhammad Ishaq. (2005). Al-Masa’il al-Mustahdathah [Contemporary Jurisprudential Issues]. Kuwait: Marhum Muhammad Rafi‘ Husayn Institute.

- Fayz al-Islam, Ali-Naqi. (2000). Translation and Commentary on Nahj al-Balaghah, 5th ed. Tehran: Fayz al-Islam Institute for Printing and Publication.

- Morravi, Ali. (1989). Tamhid al-Wasa’il fi Sharh al-Rasa’il [Introduction to the Means: A Commentary on al-Rasa’il]. Qom: n.p.

- A Group of Authors. (n.d.). Journal of Ahl al-Bayt Jurisprudence. Qom: Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence According to the School of Ahl al-Bayt.