Feasibility study of citing illegal evidence to prove a crime in Iranian jurisprudence and law

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Professor, Faculty of Humanities , University of Hazrat.e.masoumeh, Qom, Iran

Abstract

Evidence of guilt is a fundamental issue in different legal systems, and it varies depending on whether the approach to proving a claim is a system of legal evidence or convincing a judge's conscience, but in both systems the basic issue is the legitimacy of reason; That is, the mere fact that it is legal is not enough, but it is necessary to study it with legitimate tools and methods.
From the jurisprudential point of view, obtaining evidence through illegitimate means is forbidden, and the judicial system should not use any illegal method to prove a crime, but the validity of illegal evidence in proving a crime should be elaborated. In some cases, the method of education certainly destroys the reason for its validity, such as confessions obtained through torture, but in cases where this does not interfere with its discovery, due to the existence of different views, the subject is accurate and debatable. In Iranian law, despite the defensible legal developments that have taken place in the field of evidence and criminal proceedings, there is no explicit and decisive provision in this regard. In this research, in a descriptive-analytical method, we examine the effect of obtaining evidence through illegitimacy in the detection of crime, and in this regard, the arguments of the discussion are examined separately and finally, an independent view is expressed from a jurisprudential point of view. From a legal point of view, while explaining the existing laws, the approach of judicial procedure in this regard is evaluated.

Keywords

References

-Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad (1988), Al-Maghazi, vol. 1, Beirut: Scientific Institute.
-Abu Yusuf, Yaqub (1979), Al-Kharaj, Beirut: Dar Al-Ma'rifah.
-Arista, Mohammad Javad- Bahadori Jahromi, Ali (2014), "Islamic Government-Criteria of Diagnosis and Practical Characteristics", Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, Issue.7, pp. 27-46.
-Isfahani, Mohammad Baqir (1991), twenty-five Persian treatises, Qom: Ayatollah Marashi Library Publications.
-Imam Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhollah (2008), Minhaj al-Osul, vol. 2, Tehran: Imam Khomeini Publishing and Arrangement Institute.
-Imam Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah (2001), Istifta'at, vol. 3, Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
-Emami, Massoud (2014), "The Validity of Evidence from Illegal Ways, Ahl al-Bayt Jurisprudence Journal", Issue.77, pp. 102-122.
-Ashouri, Mohammad (2019), Criminal Procedure, vol. 2, Tehran: Samt Publications.
-Bahjat, Mohammad Taqi (2007), Istifta'at (Bahjat), vol. 4, Qom: Office of Hazrat Ayatollah Bahjat.
-Bahjat, Mohammad Taqi (2005), Jame 'al-Masa'il, vol. 2, Qom: Office of Hazrat Ayatollah Bahjat.
-Tadayon, Abbas (2009), The Study of Evidence in Criminal Procedure, Tehran: Mizan Publishing.
-Hur Ameli, Muhammad (1988), Shiite means, vol. 28, Qom: Al-Albayt Institute.
-Hosseini Tehrani, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein (2000), Velayat-e-Faqih in the Government of Islam, vol. 4, Mashhad: Allameh Tabatabai Publications.
-Hosseini Shirazi, Seyyed Mohammad (1988), Jurisprudence Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence, vol. 47, Beirut: Dar al-Ulum.
-Halli, Hussein (1994), the study of jurisprudence (for the people), Qom: Al-Manar Institute.
-Khaleghi, Ali (2015), Criminal Procedure, vol. 2, Tehran: Shahr-e-Danesh Publications.
-Khansari, Sayyid Ahmad (1984), Jame 'al-Madarak, vol. 7, Qom: Ismailian Institute.
-Sabzevari, Sayyid Abdul Ali (1992), Madhhab al-Ahkam, vol. 28, Qom: Al-Manar Institute.
-Anti-Narcotics Headquarters of the Legal and Judicial Committee (2003), The First National Applied Scientific Workshop of Judges of the Islamic Revolutionary Tribunals in the Fight against Narcotics, Tehran: Blue Square Publishing.
-Golpayegani, Seyyed Mohammad Reza (1991), in Al-Manzoud, vol. 2, Qom: Dar al-Quran al-Karim.
-Shahdah, Ahmad Zaki (2017)," Al-Athar al-Muttarabah on the exclusion of evidence obtained in an illegitimate manner in the Palestinian criminal law in the analogical study with the rules of Islamic Sharia", Master of General Law, Islamic Society of Gaza.
-Sabouri, Mehdi (2015), "The Rule of Rejection of Evidence in the United States and Its Comparison with the Guarantee of Similar Performances in Iranian Law", Journal of Criminal Law Teachings, Issue.9, pp.129-154.
-Fazel Isfahani, Muhammad (1995), Kashf al-Latham, vol. 10, Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
-Sayyid Murtadha, Ali (1994), Al-Intisar in the Imams of the Imams, Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
-Proceedings of the Constitutional Review Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1985), Tehran: General Department of Culture and Public Relations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
-Tabasi, Najmuddin (2014), Jurisprudential principles of espionage and anti-espionage, Qom: Publications of the Center for Imams (as).
-Tusi, Muhammad (1986), Al-Khalaf, vol. 5, Qom: Islamic Publications.
-Tusi, Muhammad (1967), Expanded in the jurisprudence of the Imams, vol. 8, Tehran: Al-Muktabah Library for the Revival of Al-Jaafari.
-Ameli, Muhammad (1996), Sharia courses in Imami jurisprudence, vol. 2, Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
-Ardabili, Ahmad (1983), Al-Faida and Al-Burhan Assembly, vol. 12, Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
-Agriculture, Abbas (2003), Description of the Islamic Penal Code - Punishment Section, Tehran: Phoenix Publishing.
-Allameh Helli, Hassan (1990), Note of the Learned, Tehran: Published by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.
-Allama Hali, Hassan (1992), Various Shiites, vol. 9, Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
-Fazel Lankarani, Muhammad (2000), Tafsil al-Sharia - Qisas, Qom: Center for the Jurisprudence of the Imams.
-Kashif al-Ghatta, Muhammad Hussein (1940), Tahrir al-Majla, vol. 2, Najaf: Al-Muktabah Library.
Klini, Mohammad (1986), Al-Kafi, vol. 5, Tehran: Islamic Library.-
-Golpayegani, Seyyed Mohammad Reza (1988), Majma 'al-Masa'il, vol. 3, Qom: Dar al-Quran al-Karim.
-Golduzian, Iraj (2003), Evidence of litigation, Tehran: Mizan Publishing.
-Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar (2015), Legal Terminology, Tehran: Ganj-e-Danesh Publications.
-Mohammadi, Hamid (2005), "A Vote is a Staging Experience for an Unlawful Crime", Judgment Magazine, Issue.30, pp. 17-19.
-Deputy of Judiciary Education, Treasury of Judicial Jurisprudential Opinions(No date), Office of Clergy Training and Compilation of Jurisprudential Texts.
-Makarem Shirazi, Nasser (1997), The Lights of Jurisprudence - The Book of Limits and Punishments, Qom: Publications of Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib School
-Montazeri, Hussein Ali (1988), Fundamentals of Jurisprudence of Islamic Government, vol. 3, Qom: Kayhan Institute.
-Moazenzadegan - Kourepez, Hassan Ali - Hossein Mohammad (2016), "Guarantees for the implementation of civil rights violations in the police investigation process", Criminal Law Teachings, Issue.11 , pp. 53-86.
-Moloudi-Haji Azizi-Hamzeh Hoveida, Mohammad-Bijan-Mehdi (2014), "Critical Analysis of the Nature of Imposed Evidence in Proof of Laws", Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Issue.10, pp. 191-210.
-Mirzazadeh Thani- Jafari Bojnourdi- Student, Seyed Mehdi, Abdolreza, Batool (2017), "Torture in cases of urgency from the perspective of the Holy Quran", Journal of Quran-Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, Issue.7, pp. 38-70.
-Naini, Mirza Muhammad (1997), Treatise on Prayer in Doubt, Qom: Al-Bayt Foundation, peace be upon them.
-Najafi, Mohammad Hassan (1983), Jawahar al-Kalam vol. 41, Beirut: Dar Al-Ahya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi.
-Murphy, Jeffries, Coleman, Jules (1989), Philosophy of law, London: Westview press .
-Walker, Nigel (1985), Sentencing Theory law and practice, London: Butterworth.
-Samaha, Joel (1996), criminal procedure, Minneapolis: West publishing company. 
-Rho, Hyeon-Ju (2011), "The Exclusionary rule in china and a closer look at the dynamics of reformn, International law and politics", Issue. 43, pp.429-439.
-Ferdico, John N; Fradella , Henry F; Totten, Christopher D (2009), criminal procedure for the criminal professional, Boston: Wadsworth Cengage learning.
Journal of Studies in Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
Volume 13, Issue 25
November 2021
Pages 497-524

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics