Journal of Studies in Islamic Law & Jurisprudence

Journal of Studies in Islamic Law & Jurisprudence

Analyzing the Relationship Between Contract and Reality in Islamic Jurisprudence and Law: A Critique of the Theory of Transfer in Unauthorized Contracts

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Narges Khaleghipour 1
Davood Nasiran 2
1 PhD in Private Law, Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran (Corresponding Author)
10.22075/feqh.2023.29058.3448
Abstract
There are two major approaches concerning the relationship between reality and contract: the realist approach, which asserts a connection between empirical and social reality and the contract, considering the origin of contracts to be rooted in reality; and the voluntarist approach, which claims a separation between reality and contract. The issue at hand is to determine which of these approaches influences the theory of transfer (naql) in unauthorized contracts (‘aqd-e fozuli)—a theory put forth by jurists which posits that the legal effects of the contract are established only from the time of ratification—and what strengths, weaknesses, and legal consequences this theory entails. This theory reflects traces of pure realism, viewing the contract as entirely subject to the principles governing the external world, thereby diminishing the foundational role of human will. A moderate approach offers a balanced perspective, acknowledging the influence of reality on contracts while also upholding the principle of freedom of contract (the sovereignty of will), thus recognizing both contractual autonomy and the impact of external realities.
Keywords
contract
reality
realism
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Journal of Studies in Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
Volume 17, Issue 38
Winter 2025
Pages 117-138