Rethinking the Payment of Excess Diyya in Intentional Murder without the Killer's Consent

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law Payame Noor University Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The legislator's approach in all regulations related to intentional murder in the Islamic Penal Code has been that the right of retaliation for the heirs of the victim is a definitive right, and receiving Diyya (blood money) is only possible with the consent of the killer. Although the choice and acceptance of the definitive view was due to its popularity, its acceptance led to the abuse of some murderers in some cases of murder, such as the execution of retribution in cases of paying excess Diyya, and the waste of the victim's blood. These reasons led to a change in the position of the legislator in the 1392 Penal Code. In this change of approach, the definitive theory was accepted as a principle in intentional murder, and to solve practical problems in cases where the retributionof the killer was conditional on the payment of excess Diyya by the heirs, the optional theory was accepted. This is because sometimes the heirs were not able to pay the excess Diyya, and the killer was not willing to compromise. Since according to the definitive view, it is not possible to receive Diyya without the consent of the killer, the blood of the victim was at risk of being wasted. Now, the legislator has been criticized for accepting the optional view and following the less well-known opinion and basing it on it. This research has concluded that adopting a dual view based on the narrations and the rule of "La Yabtol" is free from any difficulty in order to prevent the waste of Muslim blood.

Keywords

References

  • The Holy Quran.
  • Ibn Idris Al-Hali, Muhammad (1991), Kitab al-Sarair, Volume 3, Edition 2, Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
  • Ibn Rushd Hafid, Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd (2004), The Beginning of Mujtahid and the End of Muqtasad, Volume 4, Cairo: Dar al-Hadith.
  • Ibn Fahd al-Hali, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1993), Al-Madhhab al-Bari fi Sharh Mukhtasar al-Nafi ', ​​Volume 5, Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
  • Ibn Qadameh, Mufaqat al-Din Abdullah ibn Ahmad (2001), Al-Muqna in Fiqh Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Volume 1, Jeddah: Maktab al-Sawadi.
  • Ibn Kathir al-Qurashi al-Damashqi, Abu al-Fada 'Ismail ibn Umar (2000), Tafsir al-Quran al-Azeem, Volume 5, Dar Tayyiba for publishing and distribution.
  • Ardabili (Mohaghegh Ardabili), Ahmad, (1983), Majma 'al-Faida and Al-Burhan, Volume 13, Qom: Teachers Association.
  • Isfahani (Fadhil Hindi), Mohammad Ibn Hassan, (1985), Kashf al-Latham wa al-Abham on the rules of rulings, edited by the Research Group of the Islamic Publications Office, Volume 11, Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
  • Attention, Abdul Ali (2001), Murder, burning of the victim and suicide of the killer, Judicial Monthly, Fifth Year, No. 27, pp. 43-50.
  • Jabai Ameli (Shahid Thani), Zayn al-Din ibn Ali, (1990), Masalak al-Afham to Tanqih Sharia al-Islami, Volumes 10 and 15, Qom: Islamic Enlightenment Institute.
  • Jabai Ameli (Shahid Thani), Zayn al-Din ibn Ali, (2009), Al-Rawdah Al-Bahiya fi Sharh Al-Luma’ Al-Dimashqiah, Volume 8, Qom: Dhul Qirbi Publications.
  • Haji Dehabadi, Ahmad (2018), A Reflection on the Theory of Determining the Right of Retribution in Premeditated Murder, Journal of Jurisprudential Research, Volume 14, 4, pp. 799-819.
  • Al-Husari, Ahmad, (1993), Al-Jazeera Politics, Volume 3, Third Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Jail.
  • Har'amli, Muhammad ibn Hassan (1414), Shiite means to study Shiite issues, Volume 29, Second Edition, Qom: Al-Bayt Foundation for the Revival of Heritage.
  • Hosseini Rouhani, Seyyed Mohammad Sadegh (1994), Fiqh Al-Sadegh, Volume 26, Qom: Publication of the book.
  • Halabi, Hamza Ibn Ali (Ibn Zohra) (1997), Ghaniyeh Al-Nizwa, Qom: Imam Al-Sadiq Institute.
  • Hali, Yahya bin Saeed (1985), Al-Jame 'for Sharia, Qom: Sayyid Al-Shuhada-Al-Alamiya Institute
  • Hali, Najmuddin Ja'far ibn Hassan (Mohaqeq Hali) (1989), Sharia of Islam in the issues of Halal and Haram, Volume 4, Second Edition, Tehran: Esteghlal Publications.
  • Hali, Hassan Ibn Yusuf Ibn Motahar Asadi (Allama) (1992), Different Shiites in the rules of Sharia, Volume 9, Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
  • Hali, Hassan Ibn Yusuf Ibn Motahar Asadi (Allama) (1993), Rules of rulings in the knowledge of lawful and forbidden, correction Research of Islamic Publications Office, Volume 3, Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
  • Hali, Hassan Ibn Yusuf Ibn Motahar Asadi (Allama), (2008), Explaining the benefits in explaining the problems of the rules, Volume 4, Tehran: Ismailian Publications.
  • Khansari, Seyyed Ahmad (1985), Jame Al-Madarak, Volume 7, Second Edition, Tehran: Maktab Al-Sadooq.
  • Khoei, Seyyed Abolghasem (1987), Basics of completing the curriculum, Volume 2, Volume 42, Beirut: Dar al-Zahra.
  • Razi, Fakhreddin Abu Abdullah (2000), Mafatih al-Ghayb, Volume 5, Second Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Ahya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi.
  • Rahiminejad, Ismail, Zakir, Mansour (2013), اAnalysis of the theory of the necessity of determining retribution in premeditated murder in comparison with the theory of choice, Studies of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Fifth Year, No. 9, pp. 67-86.
  • Ravandi, Saeed (1990), Fiqh al-Quran (Al-Yanabi al-Fiqhiyya series), Volume 24, Beirut: Dar al-Tarath.
  • Agriculture, Abbas (2014), Detailed Description of the Islamic Penal Code of Retribution, Volume 2, Tehran: Javadaneh Publications.
  • Sanei, Yousef (2003), Fiqh al-Thaqalin fi Sharh Tahrir al-Waseela, Kitab al-Qisas, Volume 2, Tehran: Imam Khomeini Publishing House.
  • Tabatabai, Seyyed Mohammad Hussein (1996), Al-Mizan Fi Tafsir Al-Quran, translated by Mohammad Baqir Mousavi Hamedani, Volume 2, Qom: Dar Al-Alam Publishing House.
  • Tusi, Mohammad Ibn Hassan (Sheikh Al-Ta'ifa), (Bita), Al-Mabsut Fi Al-Fiqh Al-Imamiya, Tehran: Mortazavi Publications.
  • Tusi, Mohammad Ibn Hassan (Sheikh Al-Ta'ifa), (1997), Al-Khalaf, 2nd edition, Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
  • Tusi, Mohammad Ibn Hassan (Sheikh Al-Ta'ifa), (Beta), The End in Just Fiqh and Fatwas, Qom: Quds Publications.
  • Kasani, Abu Karban Mas'ud ibn Ahmad (1986), Innovations of industry in the order of Sharia, place: Dar al-Kitab al-Almiya.
  • Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1999), Al-Hawi al-Kabirfi Fiqh al-Imam Shafi'i, vol. 12, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Almiyeh.
  • Mohaghegh Damad, Seyed Mostafa (1984), Rules of Civil Jurisprudence, Tehran: Islamic Sciences Publishing.
  • Mohammadi Jurkuyeh, Ali (2015), The optional or determinative nature of the right to retribution, Islamic law, 44, pp. 7-29.
  • Mufid (Sheikh Mufid), Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1990), Al-Muqna, Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
  • Maki Ameli (the first martyr), Muhammad ibn Jamal al-Din (1991), Al-Lama'a al-Damashqiyah, Qom: Dar al-Fikr.
  • Mousavi Khomeini, Ruhollah, (unpublished), Tahrir al-Waseela, Tehran: Ismailian Publishing Institute.
  • Najafi (Sahib Jawaher), Mohammad Hassan (1995), Jawahar al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharia al-Islam, Volume 42, Tehran: Islamic Library.
Journal of Studies in Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
Volume 15, Issue 33
March 2024
Pages 323-348

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics