Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Law, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.

2 Department of Law, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran (Corresponding Author).

Abstract

The general public, and especially patients, are regular customers in the field of medicine and treatment; Operators and practitioners in this field, including the medical community and traders in various pharmaceutical items and medical devices, like other people, may commit high-risk behaviors that can injure many individuals and legal entities. The primary and secondary victimology also intends to identify the victims in this field, by providing solutions to provide assistance platforms and improve their situation; It is clear that any action depends on identifying the various spectrums of victims and the types of injuries inflicted on them. The mission of the present study has been to identify the victims of Medication trafficking and to explain the support gaps for them. As a result of this descriptive study, it can be said that although many people consider drug trafficking and smuggling of any kind of goods as crimes without a victim, but the government, economy, drug manufacturers, consumers and activists and those in charge of combating Medication  trafficking They are among the most important victims in this field.

Keywords

  • Fattah. E (1997). Criminology: past and present and future, A Critical over view. E. Fattah by Paul ROCK. NEW YORK.
  • Atta ran. Amir. Bate. Roger. Megan (2001). “Why and How to Make an International Crime of Medicine Counterfeiting”. Journal of International Criminal Justice. First published online.
  • Dora (1997). Fake and Counterfeit Drugs in the Health Sector: The Role of Medical Doctors. Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine. Vol. 2.
  • Mohammad Ali (2014). Victims of Crime. Listed in the Encyclopedia of Victim ology and Crime Prevention under the supervision of Ali Hossain Najafi Aberandabadi. Tehran: Mizan.
  • AlQasi Mehr. Ali and Rahmanian Koushki, Ahmad and Ghasemi, Fatemeh (2017). Collection of lectures and articles of the First National Conference on Prevention of Smuggling of Health-Based Goods. Shiraz. Farhange Pars.
  • Amin Saremi. Nozar (1999). “Sociological analysis of the effects of unemployment on national security”. Journal of Law Enforcement Science. No. 3.pp: 360-371.
  • Ali (2014). Gender and Victimization, listed in the Encyclopedia of Victim ology and Crime Prevention under the supervision of Ali Hossain Najafi Aberandabadi. Tehran: Mizan.
  • Emad (2004). Urban Uprisings and Internal Security. Research Institute for Strategic Studies.
  • Hassan (2003). Intensive Culture of Speech. Tehran: Skills.
  • Ali Akbar (1339). Dictionary. Tehran: Bina.
  • Abolfazl and Arefnia. Tayebeh (1399). Analysis of the effect of the victim's permission on the criminal and civil liability of the offender with a look at the legislative process in Iran. Studies of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law. Volume 12. Number 23. pp: 67-96.
  • Erwin A. Blackstone. PhD; Joseph P. Fuhr. Jr. PhD; Steve Pociask. MA (2014). The Health and Economic Effects of Counterfeit Drugs. American Health & Drug Benefits. Health and Economic Effects of Counterfeit Drugs. Vole 7. No 4.
  • Mohsen (1397). “Criminalization of Counterfeit Drug Trafficking in International Documents and Iranian Law”. Criminal Law Research. Volume 6. Number 22. pp: 203-171.
  • Mohsen (1398). Smuggling of medical products. Listed in the Encyclopedia of Criminal Economic Sciences under the supervision of Amir Hossain Niazpour. Tehran: Mizan.
  • Mohammad and Moghaddasi. Mohammad Baqer (2013). Populist criminal responses to economic corruption. Encyclopedia of Criminal Sciences (Collection of new articles in criminal sciences). Tehran: Mizan.
  • Mohammad. Baziar. Abolghasem (2011). Government Compensation of Victims in Iranian Criminal Law, England. Journal of Comparative Law. Volume 2. Number 2. pp: 137-156.
  • Habibollah (2009). “Drug Trafficking in Iran”. Bimonthly Economics Research-Analytical Quarterly. No. 10. Pp: 35-57.
  • Habibaullah (2013). “A Reflection on the Health Risks of Consumption of Smuggled Goods”. Quarterly Journal of Legal Studies. Specialized Journal of Economic Law. Third Year. No. 5. Pp: 75-104.
  • Saeed (2016). Smuggling of goods in the realization of resistance economy. Quarterly of Hebal Al-Matin. Fifth year. Number fourteen. pp: 106-122.
  • Alireza (2005). “Government's Economic Challenges”. Journal of Political and Economic Information. No. 213. pp: 138-150.
  • Ali (2004). Smuggling of Goods, Political Ideological Organization of the Police Force. Journal of Attitudes to Political Developments.
  • G. Bertram; Masters. B. Susan and Trevor. J. Anthony (2012). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 12th. United States of America. McGraw-Hill Companies.
  • Theodore. Kelesidis. Iosif; Rafailidis. Petros I & Falagas. Matthew E (2007). “Counterfeit or Substandard Antimicrobial Drugs: a Review of the Scientific Evidence”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 60.
  • Kovacs S. Hawes SE. Maley SN. Mosites E. Wong L. Stergachis A (2014). Technologies for detecting falsified and substandard drugs in low and middle-income countries. 9(3): e90601.
  • Hamidreza (2012). “A Study of the Legislative Process and the Inadequacy of Laws and Regulations in Preventing the Smuggling of Goods and Foreign Exchange at the Supply Level”. Quarterly Journal of Legal Studies (Specialized Journal of Economic Law). Second Year. No. 4. Pp: 111-135.
  • Kiomars and Jafarian Soteh. Seyed Hassan (1397). Differentiation of the process of detecting and prosecuting economic crimes;with emphasis on Iranian law. Included in the criminal policy against economic crime by the efforts of Amir Hossain Niazpour. Tehran: Mizan.
  • Mehdi (1991). Victim ology or Majnism against Anti-Semitism. Law Journal. Faculty of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services. Vol. pp: 45-67.
  • Ginafilizola (2000). Victim and Victim ology. Translated by Ruhollah Kurd Alivand. Ahmad Mohammadi. Tehran: Majd.
  • Gharavi Nakhjavani. Seyed Ahmad (2002). “Unemployment Crisis in Iran”. Research Institute of Economic Affairs. Quarterly Journal of Economic Research. No. 3. pp: 171-184.
  • Liang BA. (2006). fade to black: importation and counterfeit drugs. Am J Law Med; 32?
  • Liang BA. Mackey TK (2012). Sexual medicine: online risks to health. The problem of counterfeit drugs. Nat Rev. 9.
  • Mohammad (2004). Moein Persian Culture. Tehran: Bina.
  • Azam (2001). Differential criminal policy in the field of economic delinquency. Tehran: Mizan.
  • Masurkar P (2017). A need of better pharmacovigilance system in India. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 10: 22-4.
  • Monjemzadeh. Siahie Shadbad. Mohammad Reza. Aghajani. Hassan. Oloumi. Mir Vahid (2013). “Investigation of counterfeit drugs and smuggling during the years 88-89 in East Azerbaijan Province”. Quarterly Journal of Legal Studies. Specialized Journal of Economic Law. Third Year. Pp: 11-34.
  • Mir Mohammadi. Seyed Mohammad (2003). The Interaction of Economic Security and Underground Economy. Tehran Higher National Defense University.
  • Jafar (2003). “The spread of trafficking in the unsettled context and the criminal policy against it”. Journal of Theology and Law. No. 10, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences. Pp: 149-175.
  • Amir Hossain (2016). Criminal Policy against Economic Crime. Tehran: Mizan.
  • Chadry and Allen. Zirman (2012). “A view on the production and trade of counterfeit goods”. Translated by Habibollah Fassihi. Hidden Economy Quarterly. No. 13. pp: 117-143.
  • Pishgahi Fard. Zahra and Qalibaf. Mohammad Baqer and Heidarifar. Mohammad Raouf and Heidari. Shahriyar. “Geopolitical Contexts of Commodity and Currency Smuggling with Emphasis on Border Markets (Case Study: Kermanshah Province)”. Human Geography Research. Volume 46. Number 3.pp: 465-484.
  • Raijian Asli. Mehrdad (2011). Supportive Victim ology. Tehran: Dadgostar Publications.
  • Roger Bate, Ginger Zhe Jin, and Aparna Mathur, Does Price Reveal Poor-Quality Drugs? Evidence from 17 Countries NBER Working Paper No. 16854 March 2011 JEL No, D18, D4, D8, I11, I18, L15.
  • Mohammad Mehdi and Musazadeh. Mehdi (1397). Criminal Policies of the Law on Combating Commodity and Currency Smuggling, listed in the criminal policy against economic crime by Amir Hossein Niazpour. Tehran: Mizan.
  • Morad (2008). Smuggling of goods in Iran. Tehran:Parliament Islamic.
  • Abbas (2014). Victim ology. Listed in the Encyclopedia of Victim ology and Crime Prevention under the supervision of Ali Hossein Najafi Aberandabadi. Tehran: Mizan.
  • Shiri. Abbas (1397). “Judicial Victim ology”. Legal Research Quarterly. No. 84. pp: 215-242.
  • Mehdi (2014). Delinquency and Victimization, Encyclopedia of Victim ology and Crime Prevention, under the supervision of Ali Hossain Najafi Aberandabadi. Tehran: Mizan.
  • Mehdi (2014). Delinquency and Victimization. Encyclopedia of victim ology and Crime Prevention. Under the supervision of Ali Hossain Najafi Aberandabadi. Tehran: Mizan.
  • Akbar (2014). “The Impact of Ethics on Criminalization and Decriminalization in the Islamic Criminal Law System of Iran”. Criminal Law Research. No. 8. Pp: 33-62.
  • Ali Asghar and Salehi. Iraj and Moradi. Mohammad Reza and Kamaki. Hojjatollah (2012). “Designing a Comprehensive Operational Plan to Combat Cosmetic Items at the Supply Level”. Bi-Quarterly Journal of Legal Studies. Year 2. Issue 3. Pp: 61-83.
  • Amir Hamzeh (2014). Reprimanding the Victim. Listed in the Encyclopedia of Victim ology and Crime Prevention under the supervision of Ali Hossain Najafi Aberandabadi. Tehran: Mizan.