Analysis and review of the mandatory sentence of hypnosis

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Associate Professor of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran: (Corresponding Author)

10.22075/feqh.2025.35285.4021

Abstract

The phenomenon of hypnosis and its application is regarded as one of the prevalent issues in contemporary society. However, its normative ruling remains relatively ambiguous, as it has been rarely discussed among scholars, and only a few have briefly addressed it. After conducting an analysis, the author concludes that hypnosis cannot be considered prohibited based on customary practices or the rational conventions of society. This is because hypnosis, as practiced today, is founded on established principles and methods, and is not deemed an extraordinary or supernatural phenomenon that would place it in the category of sorcery and thus render it prohibited. Nevertheless, it can be deemed prohibited based on three arguments: the prohibition of uncovering and revealing individuals' secrets, the principle of human will autonomy, and the jurisprudential principle of inherent human dignity and honor. However, in applying these three arguments, a distinction must be made between cases where the subject has given consent and those where consent is absent. In the absence of consent, hypnosis can be considered prohibited in certain situations based on the aforementioned three principles. In some cases, it can also be deemed obligatory due to the principle of conflict resolution and the prioritization of the more significant over the less significant. On the other hand, in cases where the subject has given consent, these three principles cannot be invoked due to the presence of consent. In such scenarios, hypnosis may be considered prohibited, permissible, or obligatory, depending on the specific circumstances.

Keywords

References

-Akhund Khorasani, Mohammad Kazem. (1986). Fawa’id al-Usul (Vol. 2). Tehran: Ministry of Islamic Guidance.
-Akhund Khorasani, Mohammad Kazem. (2009). Kifayat al-Usul (Vol. 3). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-al-‘Amili, Muhammad b. Makki (al-Shahid al-Awwal). (1996). al-Durus al-Shar‘iyyah fi Fiqh al-Imamiyyah (Vol. 3). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-al-‘Amili, Zayn al-Din b. ‘Ali (al-Shahid al-Thani). (1989). al-Rawdah al-Bahiyyah fi Sharh al-Lam‘ah al-Dimashqiyyah (Vol. 3). Qom: Dawari Bookstore.
-al-‘Amili, Zayn al-Din b. ‘Ali (al-Shahid al-Thani). (1992). Masalik al-Afham ila Tanqih Sharayi‘ al-Islam (Vol. 13). Qom: Islamic Knowledge Institute.
-al-‘Amili, Sayyid Jawad b. Muhammad. (1998). Miftah al-Karamah fi Sharh Qawa‘id al-‘Allamah (Vol. 4). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-al-Asadi Vanani, Sayyid Reza, & Mohseni Dehkallani, Mohammad. (2019). A jurisprudential explanation of the permissibility of the emerging phenomenon of hypnosis. Journal of Medical Fiqh, 38–39, 21–31.
-al-Fadhl al-Hindi, Muhammad b. Hasan. (1995). Kashf al-Litham wa al-Ibham ‘an Qawa‘id al-Ahkam (Vol. 2). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-al-Farahidi, Khalil b. Ahmad. (1989). Kitab al-‘Ayn (Vol. 3). Qom: Hijrat.
-al-Hilli (Allamah), Hasan b. Yusuf. (1958). Idah al-Fawa’id fi Sharh Mushkilat al-Qawa‘id (Vol. 1). Qom: Esma‘eiliyan.
-al-Hilli (Allamah), Hasan b. Yusuf. (1992). Qawa‘id al-Ahkam (Vol. 2).
Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-al-Hilli (Allamah), Hasan b. Yusuf. (1993). Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha’ (Vol. 12). Qom: Al al-Bayt Institute.
-al-Hilli (Allamah), Hasan b. Yusuf. (1999). Tahrir al-Ahkam (Vol. 5). Qom: Imam Sadiq Institute.
-al-Hilli (al-Muhaqqiq), Ja‘far b. Hasan. (1988). Sharayi‘ al-Islam fi Masa’il al-Halal wa al-Haram (Vol. 4). Qom: Esma‘eiliyan.
-al-Hilli, Ahmad b. Muhammad (Ibn Fahd). (1986). al-Muhadhdhab al-Bari‘ (Vol. 2). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-al-Husayni al-Khamene’i, Sayyid Ali b. Jawad. (2003). Ajwibat al-Istifta’at. Qom: Office of the Supreme Leader.
-al-Iraqi, Aqa Dia’ al-Din. (1996). Nihayat al-Afkar (Vols. 3–4). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-al-Jaba‘i al-‘Amili, Zayn al-Din b. ‘Ali. See al-‘Amili, Zayn al-Din b. ‘Ali (al-Shahid al-Thani).
-al-Karaki (al-Muhaqqiq), ‘Ali b. Husayn. (1993). Jami‘ al-Maqasid fi Sharh al-Qawa‘id (Vol. 4). Qom: Al al-Bayt Institute.
-al-Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya‘qub. (1986). al-Kafi (Vol. 4). No place: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah.
-al-Majlisi (Allamah), Muhammad Baqir. (1989). Bihar al-Anwar al-Jami‘ah li Durar Akhbar al-A’immah al-Athar (Vol. 60). Beirut: Publishing and Printing Institute.
-al-Majma‘ al-Fiqh Ahl al-Bayt. (2002). Qawa‘id Usul al-Fiqh ‘ala Madhhab al-Imamiyyah. Qom: Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly.
-al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad. (n.d.). [Referenced implicitly].
-al-Murtada (al-Sharif), ‘Ali b. Husayn al-Musawi. (1984). al-Dhari‘ah ila Usul al-Shari‘ah (Vol. 1). Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
-al-Muzaffar, Muhammad Rida. (2009). Usul al-Fiqh (Vols. 2–3). Qom: Islami.
-al-Naini, Muhammad Husayn. (1972). Ajwad al-Taqrirat (Vol. 2). Qom: al-‘Urfan Press.
-al-Naini, Muhammad Husayn. (n.d.). Fawa’id al-Usul (Vol. 3). No place: n.p.
-al-Najafi (Sahib al-Jawahir), Muhammad Hasan. (1984). Jawahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharayi‘ al-Islam (Vol. 41). Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.
-al-Naraqi, Mulla Ahmad b. Muhammad Mahdi. (1995). Mustanad al-Shi‘ah fi Ahkam al-Shari‘ah (Vol. 14). Qom: Al al-Bayt Institute.
al-Qur’an al-Karim. The Holy Qur’an.
-al-Raghib al-Isfahani, Husayn b. Muhammad. (1990). Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur’an. Lebanon–Syria: Dar al-‘Ilm – al-Dar al-Shamiyyah.
-al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir. (1988). Buhuth fi Sharh al-‘Urwah al-Wuthqa (Vol. 2). Qom: Martyr al-Sadr Scientific Center.
-al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir. (1997). Duroos fi ‘Ilm al-Usul (Vol. 1). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir. (n.d.). Buhuth fi ‘Ilm al-Usul (Vol. 4). No place: n.p.
-al-Sayyuti, ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Bakr. (2003). al-Durr al-Manthur (Vol. 2). Qom: Library of Ayatollah al-Mar‘ashi al-Najafi.
-al-Tabarsi, Fadl b. Hasan. (1985). Majma‘ al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an (Vols. 4–6). No place: n.p.
-al-Tabataba’i (Allamah), Sayyid Muhammad Husayn. (n.d.). al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an (Vol. 8). No place: n.p.
-al-Tusi (Shaykh al-Ta’ifah), Muhammad b. Hasan. (1946). Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Vol. 6). Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah.
-al-Tusi (Shaykh al-Ta’ifah), Muhammad b. Hasan. (1986). al-Khilaf (Vol. 5). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-al-Tusi (Shaykh al-Ta’ifah), Muhammad b. Hasan. (n.d.). al-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an (Vol. 9). Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.
-al-Wahidi, Bandar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Ibrahim. (2006). al-Tahqiq al-Jina’i fi al-Fiqh al-Islami. Riyadh: Dar Kunuz Ashbilia.
-Amoli, Mirza Hashem. (1975). Majma‘ al-Afkar (Vol. 4). Qom: Al-Matba‘ah al-‘Ilmiyyah.
-Ansari (Shaykh), Murtada b. Muhammad Amin. (1994). Kitab al-Makasib (Vol. 1). Qom: International Congress of Sheikh Ansari.
-Ansari (Shaykh), Murtada b. Muhammad Amin. (1995). Fara’id al-Usul (Vol. 1). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
-Asadi Vanani, Sayyid Reza, & Mohseni Dehkallani, Mohammad. (2019). A jurisprudential interpretation of hypnosis permissibility. Journal of Medical Fiqh, 38–39, 21–31.
-Chatrchi, Noushin, & Shaeiri, Mohammad Reza. (2005). Jurisprudential view on clinical hypnosis. Daneshvar-e Raftar (Behavioral Scientist), 12.
Fakhla‘i, Mohammad Taqi, & Nasiri, Hadiyeh. (2021). The role of hypnosis in the formation of criminal behavior: A jurisprudential and legal analysis. Journal of Medical Fiqh, 43, 1–22.
-Faraji, Jamal. (1973). Introduction to Hypnosis. Qom: Tebyan Cultural and Information Institute.
-Horr al-‘Amili, Muhammad b. Hasan. (1988). Tafsil Wasā’il al-Shi‘ah ila Tahsil Masa’il al-Shari‘ah (Vols. 11, 15, 17). Qom: Ahl al-Bayt Institute.
Jannati Shahrudi, Muhammad Ibrahim. (n.d.). Manabi‘ al-Ijtihad min Manazir al-Islamiyyah. No place: n.p.
-Jannati, Muhammad ‘Ali. (n.d.). Nihayat al-Ma’mul fi Sharh Kifayat al-Usul. Qom: Dar al-Nashr.
-Jafari, Mohammad Taqi. (1998). Rasa’il Fiqhiyyah. Tehran: Karāmat Publications.
-Jafari Langarudi, Mohammad Jafar. (1996). Legal Encyclopedia (Vol. 2). Tehran: n.p.
-Khomeini (Imam), Sayyid Ruhollah. (1960). Tahdhib al-Ahkam, Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah.
-Khomeini (Imam), Sayyid Ruhollah. (1999). Misbah al-Usul (Vol. 3). Qom: al-Faqahah.
-Khomeini (Imam), Sayyid Ruhollah. (1989). al-Rasa’il (Vol. 1). Qom: Esma‘eiliyan.
Khomeini (Imam), Sayyid Ruhollah. (2005). Tawdih al-Masa’il (Vol. 2). No place: n.p.
-Najafabadi, Husayn ‘Ali Montazeri. (2002). Ma‘arif wa Ahkam-i Nowjavanan. Qom: Sarai.
-Rasouli, Sayyid ‘Ali (Ed.). (n.d.). Website of Imam Muhammad Baqir Seminary. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://mfeb.ir/home/zkrfegh44/.
Setoudeh, Zahra, & Ghorbani, Maryam. (2019). The effect of hypnosis on reducing psychological and physical disorders. Journal of Cognitive Psychology and Psychiatry, 4, 136–151.
-Wagstaff, J. F. (1999). Methodological issues in hypnosis. (Trans. Mohammad ‘Ali Goodarzi). Journal of Modern Psychotherapy, 13–14, 109–135.
 
Journal of Studies in Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
Volume 17, Issue 39
June 2025
Pages 283-316

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics